Distributional effects of energy policy: a micro-macro perspective

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dc.contributor.advisor Carraro, Carlo
dc.contributor.author Campagnolo, Lorenza <1982> it_IT
dc.date.accessioned 2014-04-05T11:06:19Z
dc.date.available 2015-04-07T13:58:32Z
dc.date.issued 2014-03-21
dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10579/4603
dc.description.abstract This work analyses the profitability of enhancing a macroeconomic framework (Computable General Equilibrium model) using microdata from household surveys and assessing distributional effects on income and consumption induced by a simulated shock. On this purpose, the modelling options range from the fragmentation of the usual representative agent in a multi-household representation to the creation of a soft-link between the household data and the macro model. A focus is presented on inequality and poverty issues in the context of environmental and energy policies. A non-behavioural microsimulation model is developed and it is used to evaluate the distributional impacts of a policy reducing fossil fuel subsidies in Indonesia. The creation of the microsimulation link begins analysing the 2007 Indonesian household survey (IFLS4, World Bank); it follows a reconciliation procedure with the Indonesian Social Accounting Matrix using the Cross-Entropy method. Around 10000 different households heterogeneous with respect to income sources and expenditure choices and consistent with the macroeconomic variables are represented in the microsimulation module. The policy scenario, implemented using ENV-Linkages model, determines a change of prices, factor remuneration and transfers. The impact of this reform on households’ welfare is analysed under two different revenue recycling schemes (unconditioned lump-sum transfer to all households and increased governmental expenditure) and highlights the heterogeneity of policy effects across households. In the first scenario the reform results strongly progressive and slightly regressive in the second one. Furthermore, the behavioural response of household to energy policy is estimated using the Indonesian household survey data. An Extended Linear Expenditure System is fitted at county level and for urban/rural households taking in account the zero expenditure bias issue. A shock corresponding to a fossil fuel phase-out policy is imposed on consumer prices. The consumption behavioural response in the ELES system, evaluated at country level and for rural and urban households, draws attention on heterogeneous demand response and on the value added by characterising expenditure functions across agents. it_IT
dc.description.abstract Questo lavoro analizza la possibilità di introdurre in un modello macroeconomico (Computable General Equilibrium - CGE) dei dati microeconomici provenienti da sondaggi sulle famiglie e di valutare gli effetti redistributivi sul reddito e sul consumo generati dall’introduzione di uno shock esterno. A questo proposito, le possibilità modellistiche vanno dalla frammentazione dell’agente rappresentativo, caratteristico nell’approccio CGE, alla creazione di soft-link tra le variabili microeconomiche, a livello di famiglia e le macro variabili. Una sezione è incentrata sull’analisi della diseguaglianza e povertà nel caso di politiche ambientali ed energetiche. Lo sviluppo di un modello microeconomico permette di valutare la distribuzione dell’impatto di una politica di riduzione dei sussidi sui combustibili fossili in Indonesia. Il modulo microeconomico si fonda sull’analisi di un sondaggio delle famiglie indonesiane nel 2007 (IFLS4, World Bank) e richiede una procedura di riconciliazione con i dati macroeconomici indonesiani. Il modulo microeconomico descrive 10000 famiglie, eterogenee per fonti di reddito e scelte di consumo, ma in linea con le statistiche macroeconomiche. Lo scenario di policy sviluppato con il modello ENV-Linkages, determina l’alterazione dei prezzi, della remunerazione dei fattori primari e dei trasferimenti. L’impatto della riforma è analizzato considerando due differenti opzioni redistributive delle entrate fiscali generate (trasferimento lump-sum a tutte le famiglie e aumento della spesa governativa) e sottolinea l’effetto eterogeneo della politica sulle differenti famiglie. Nel primo scenario la riforma risulta fortemente progressiva; è invece leggermente regressiva nel secondo caso. Inoltre le variazioni del consumo delle famiglie in seguito ad una politica energetica vengono stimate con un Extended Linear Expenditure System, usando i dati microeconomici indonesiani. La stima, condotta a livello nazionale e per le categorie di famiglie urbane e rurali, prevede una correzione dell’errore dovuto alle molte osservazioni in cui la spesa risulta nulla. La variazione di prezzo, imposta da una riforma che prevede l’eliminazione dei sussidi sul consumo di combustibili fossili, determina differenti reazioni da parte delle famiglie e sottolinea l’importanza dell’integrazione di questa procedura in un contesto macroeconomico. it_IT
dc.language.iso eng it_IT
dc.publisher Università Ca' Foscari Venezia it
dc.rights © Lorenza Campagnolo, 2014 it_IT
dc.subject Computable general equilibrium (CGE) it_IT
dc.subject Microsimulation it_IT
dc.subject Extended linear expenditure system (ELES) it_IT
dc.title Distributional effects of energy policy: a micro-macro perspective it_IT
dc.type Doctoral Thesis en
dc.degree.name Economia it_IT
dc.degree.level Dottorato di ricerca it
dc.degree.grantor Scuola superiore di Economia it_IT
dc.description.academicyear 2014 it_IT
dc.description.cycle 25 it_IT
dc.degree.coordinator Bernasconi, Michele
dc.location.shelfmark D001323 it
dc.location Venezia, Archivio Università Ca' Foscari, Tesi Dottorato it
dc.rights.accessrights openAccess it_IT
dc.thesis.matricno 955700 it_IT
dc.format.pagenumber 88 p. it_IT
dc.subject.miur SECS-P/06 ECONOMIA APPLICATA it_IT
dc.description.note Coautori del paper "Distributional impact of reducing fossil fuel subsidies in Indonesia" (p. 25-57): Jean Chateau, Rob Dellink e Olivier Durand-Lasserve it_IT
dc.description.tableofcontent 1 Introduction 5 1.1 Structure of the thesis 6 2 Distributional issues and clean policies in a CGE framework 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Distributional issues in a CGE framework 8 2.2.1 Representative Household approach 9 2.2.2 Integrated Multiple Household approach 11 2.2.3 Microsimulation approach 13 2.3 Poverty and inequality analysis 19 2.4 Distributional effects of energy and climate policies 20 2.5 Conclusions 24 3 Distributional impact of reducing fossil fuel subsidies in Indonesia 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Fossil fuel subsidies in Indonesia: importance, performances and reforms 27 3.2.1 Fossil fuel subsidies: state of the art 27 3.2.2 The costs of heavily subsidising energy 28 3.2.3 Attempts to reform the subsidy mechanism 30 3.2.4 Energy subsidy and economic theory: what we can expect 31 3.3 The modelling approach 31 3.3.1 Literature review and justification of the approach 31 3.3.2 Measurement of the distributional impacts 35 3.4 Making data sets compatible 38 3.4.1 The IFLS4 survey in a nutshell 39 3.4.2 Mapping survey data categories to Social Accounting aggregates 40 3.4.3 Revenue and expenditure reconciliation between CGE and household survey data 47 3.5 Simulation results 49 3.5.1 The scenarios simulated 50 3.5.2 Impact of the reform on prices 51 3.5.3 Aggregate impact on welfare 51 3.5.4 Aggregate impact on emission 53 3.5.5 Progressivity of the policy 53 3.5.6 Impacts on rural and urban population and depending on the access to energy 56 3.6 Conclusion 56 4 Demand system and price change response: the case of energy policy in Indonesia 58 4.1 Introduction 58 4.2 Engel curve shape 59 4.3 Extended Linear Expenditure System 59 4.4 ELES empirical results (representative household) 61 4.5 Zero expenditure bias correction 65 4.6 Group-specific expenditure and aggregation problem 68 4.7 Conclusions 72 5 Conclusion 73 5.1 Main findings 73 5.2 Future developments 74 References 77 Appendix I 87 Appendix II 88 it_IT
dc.identifier.bibliographiccitation Campagnolo, L. (2014). Distributional effects of energy policy: a micro-macro perspective. Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia. Tesi di dottorato. 25 ciclo, 2014 it_IT


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